ABSTRACT
Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos (EIDs) são padrões de respostas emocionais e cognitivas desenvolvidos pela interação entre personalidade e experiências na infância. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar as relações entre os EIDs e as dimensões clínicas de personalidade em uma amostra não clínica. Para isso, 189 universitários responderam ao YSQ-S2, IDCP-2, BAI e BDI. Domínios de esquemas se correlacionaram com todas as dimensões clínicas de personalidade. Os dados sugerem que indivíduos com as dimensões Dependência, Instabilidade de Humor e Evitação a Críticas são mais suscetíveis a apresentarem esquemas dos domínios Desconexão/Rejeição e Autonomia e Desempenho Prejudicado. O trabalho permite a integração do estudo da Personalidade e da Terapia dos Esquemas.
Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) are patterns of developed emotional and cognitive responses of the interaction between personality and experiences in childhood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between EMSs and clinical dimensions of personality in a non-clinical sample. For this, 189 university students answered the sociodemographic questionnaire, instruments of anxious and depressive symptomatology, attachment and maladaptive schemas. Schema domains correlated with all clinical dimensions of personality. The data suggest that individuals with the dimensions Dependence, Mood Instability and Critical Avoidance are more likely to present Disconnection / Rejection and Autonomy and Impaired Performance schemas. The research allows the integration of the study of Personality and Schema Therapy.
Esquemas Desadaptativos Tempranos (EDTs) son patrones de respuestas emocionales y cognitivas desarrolladas la interacción entre la personalidad y de las experiencias en la infancia. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la relación entre los EDTs y dimensiones clínicas del personalidad en un muestra clínica. Para eso 189 estudiantes respondieron el "Cuestionario de esquemas de Young", Inventario de dimensiones clínicas del personalidade y los inventarios Beck de depresion y ansiedad. Las dimensiones del esquemas desadaptativos tempranos se correlacionaron con todas las dimensiones clínicas de personalidad. Los datos sugieren que los individuos con las dimensiones Dependencia, Inestabilidad del Humor y la Evitación de las Críticas son más propensos a presentar esquemas de la dimensión Desconexión y Rechazo y Perjuicio en Autonomía y Desempeño. El trabajo permite la integración del estudio de de la personalidad y de la terapia centrada em esquemas.
Subject(s)
Personality , Personality DevelopmentABSTRACT
Vulnerabilidade cognitiva para a depressão diz respeito à presença de cognições que predispõem os sujeitos ao desenvolvimento do transtorno. Ainda não se tem claramente como se dá esse processo em crianças e adolescentes. Este estudo buscou evidências na literatura acerca da vulnerabilidade cognitiva para a depressão nessas faixas etárias. Utilizou-se o modelo cognitivo e o modelo de estilo atribucional como fundamentos teóricos. Foram consultadas sete bases de dados e, como resultado, 13 artigos compuseram a revisão. Poucas evidências de vulnerabilidade cognitiva para a depressão em crianças e adolescentes foram encontradas. Possíveis razões são dadas para este resultado, ressaltando-se o fato de que as cognições podem não predispor para a depressão quando ainda estão em processo de constituição. Propostas para trabalhos futuros foram apontadas
Cognitive vulnerability to depression concerns the presence of cognitions that predispose individuals to the development of the disorder. It is not yet clear how this process takes place amongst children and adolescents. Therefore, this study sought evidence in the literature concerning the cognitive vulnerability to depression in this age group. The cognitive model and model of attributional style were used as theoretical bases. Seven databases were consulted and, as a result, 13 articles were included in this review. Little evidence of cognitive vulnerability was found for depression in children and adolescents. Possible reasons for this result are provided, emphasizing the fact that cognitions may not predispose to depression since these cognitions are still in the process of being formed. Proposals for future work were identified
Subject(s)
Depression , Stress, Psychological , Adolescent , Social VulnerabilityABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the grey matter concentration in individuals with cognitive vulnerability to depression.Methods:Thirty individuals with cognitive vulnerability to depression and thirty age-and gender-matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study,and they were subjected to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination.The grey matter concentration differences were compared between the two groups by using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) following MRI.Results:Individuals with cognitive vulnerability to depression showed significantly lower grey matter density in bilateral insular,left cerebellum,right supplementary motor area,and left precentral gyrus than those in the healthy controls,while the healthy controls showed significantly lower grey density in the right inferior frontal gyrus,right middle frontal gyrus,and left cuneus than those in the individuals with cognitive vulnerability to depression.Conclusion:Structural brain abnormalities in individuals with cognitive vulnerability to depression might be the neural basis for cognitive vulnerability to depression.
ABSTRACT
Objective To screen out the individuals at high cognitive risk by using the weakest link theory,and explore the characters of the cognitive emotion regulation.Methods 600 undergraduate students were tested with cognitive style questionnaire,general social and academic hassles scale,center for epidemiologic studies depression scale,and cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire.Results There were significant differences between individuals of high and low cognitive risk in self-blame (13.32 ± 2.12) vs (12.45 ± 2.27),rumination,catastrophizing,blaming others,positive refocusing and positive reappraising.Catastrophizing,generality,rumination,positive reappraising,stress,self-blame,and self could predict 34.2％ of depression.Conclusion There are differences between individuals of high and low cognitive risk in cognitive emotion regulation.Catastrophizing,generality,rumination,positive reappraising,stress,self-blame,and self are the main predictors of depression.
ABSTRACT
El objetivo de este estudio fue la identificación del perfil cognitivo de los estudiantes universitarios con dependencia emocional. Ésta se plantea como un patrón orientado al otro como fuente de satisfacción y seguridad personal, donde el perfil cognitivo les llevaría a interpretar los hechos de manera diferente, basándose en cubrir sus necesidades emocionales insatisfechas. Se tomó una muestra aleatoria estratificada de 569 estudiantes universitarios. Los resultados arrojaron un modelo que explica el 89.3 % de la variabilidad, con alta capacidad predictiva (sensibilidad 91.4 %, especificidad 97.7 %), conformado por el esquema de desconfianza/abuso, creencias centrales del trastorno de la personalidad paranoide y dependiente, distorsión cognitiva de falacia de cambio y estrategia hipodesarrollada de afrontamiento de autonomía.
The objective of this study was to identify the cognitive profile of university students with emotional dependency. This is considered as a pattern oriented to another person as a source of satisfaction and personal safety, where the cognitive profile will make them to interpret the facts in a different way in order to cover their unsatisfied emotional needs. We use a random sample of 569 university students. The results showed a characteristic profile which explains 89.3% of the variability and a high predictive model capacity (sensitivity 91.4% and specificity 97.7%), formed by the schema of mistrust/abuse, the cores beliefs of paranoid and dependent personality disorders, fallacy of change as cognitive distortion and underdeveloped autonomy as a coping skill.
ABSTRACT
El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los esquemas desadaptativos tempranos presentes en estudiantes universitarios con dependencia emocional hacia su pareja. Se tomó una muestra aleatoria estratificada de 569 universitarios (32.16% hombres y 67.84% mujeres, con edad media de 19.9 años de edad (DT= 2.43), a quienes se les aplicó el Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional y el Cuestionario de Esquemas (YSQ-11f). El análisis de regresión logística arrojó un modelo conformado por esquemas desadaptativos tempranos (EDT) de desconfianza/abuso e insuficiente autocontrol. Los esquemas encontrados explican la vulnerabilidad cognitiva de la dependencia emocional, evidenciando creencias sobre impredecibilidad de la satisfacción de necesidades afectivas y la necesidad de evitar el malestar, a expensas de la realización personal.
The objective of this study was to identify the early maladaptative thought schemas in university students with emotional dependence toward their affective partners. A random stratified sample of 569 university students was taken (32,16% males and 67,84% females, average age 19,9 years (E.D. 2,43), to whom the Emotional Dependence Questionaire (CDE) and the Early Maladaptative Schemas Questionaire (YSQ 11F) were administered. The logistic regression analysis showed a model formed by early maladaptive thought schemata of mistrust/abuse and insufficient self-control/self discipline. The schemas found explained the cognitive vulnerability of emotional dependency, evidencing beliefs about the unpredictability of satisfaction of affective needs as well as the tendency to avoid discomfort at the expense of personal fulfillment.
O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os esquemas adaptativos temporãos presentes em estudantes universitários com dependência emocional de seu (sua) namorado(a). Utilizou-se uma amostra aleatória estratificada de 569 estudantes universitários (32,16% do sexo masculino e 67,84% do sexo feminino, com média de 19,9 anos (DP = 2,43). Se lhes aplicou o Questionário de dependência emocional e o Questionário de Esquemas (YSQ-11f.). A análise de regressão logística gerou um modelo conformado por esquemas desadaptativos (EDT) de desconfiança/abuso e controle insuficiente, que explicam a vulnerabilidade cognitiva da dependência emocional e evidenciam crenças acerca da imprevisibilidade da satisfação de necessidades afetivas e a necessidade de evitar o mal-estar, em detrimento da realização pessoal.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Students , Vulnerability AnalysisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to examine the effect of marital satisfaction and dysfunctional attitudes on depression in married women. METHODS: Forty depressed married female patients and 34 non-depressed married women as normal control group completed three self-report questionnaires, Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) Dysfunctional Attitude Scale(DAS) and Dyadic Adjustment Scale(DYAS) Marital satisfaction and dysfunctional attitudes were compared by student t-test between the two groups. Also, relative importances of each variables to depression were examined with stepwise multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Depressed patients reported significantly lower level of marital satisfaction and showed higher level of dysfunctional attitudes than normal controls. Dyadic satisfaction, approval need, and perfectionism subfactors were more important in predicting depressive symptomatology than other variables in patients. CONCLUSION: We conclude that marital satisfaction has significant influence on development and maintenance of depression in married women, and in underlying thinking process, dysfunctional attitudes serve as a cognitive vulnerability factor. This conclusion involves the expectation that if dysfunctional attitudes of depressed married women could be changed positively, their marital satisfaction will be increased to higher level and depression will be decreased. Overall, our findings stress that we need to consider the degrees of marital satisfaction and dysfunctional attitudes of depressed maried women, when treating them, in order to individualize treatments and optimize our ability to predict responsiveness to therapy.